Sound Recording Solutions
Sound Card Recorder
Powerful voice activated microphone recorder for Windows. Click here to learn more.Chord
In music and music theory, the term chord is used in several different senses. In the most general sense, the term can refer to any meaningful collection of notes that can appear simultaneously, or near-simultaneously. "Chords" in this very general sense are the subject of musical set theory. In more colloquial uses, the term "chord" refers to three or more different notes or pitches sounding simultaneously, or nearly simultaneously, over a period of time. The term is also used in an even more restricted sense, referring to tertian sonorities (see below), that can be constructed as stacks of thirds relative to some underlying scale. Two-note sonorities are typically referred to as dyads or intervals. The word chord is short for accord, from the Middle English word cord. In the Middle Ages, Western harmony featured the perfect intervals of a fourth, a fifth, and an octave. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the major and minor triads (see below) became increasingly common, and were soon established as the default sonority for Western music. This norm persists to this day in many Western styles, though it is by no means universal. Four-note "seventh chords" have been accepted since the 17th century, and "chords" in jazz often feature five or more notes. Since chords are a well-established norm in Western music, single-note melodies and sonorities of two pitches are often interpreted as implying chords. Many chords can be arranged as a series whose elements are separated by intervals that are all roughly the same size. For example, a C major triad contains the notes C, E, and G. These notes can be arranged in the series C-E-G, in which the first interval (C-E) is a major third, while the second interval (E-G) is a minor third. Any chords that can be arranged as a series of (major or minor) thirds is called a tertian chord. A chord such as C-D-Eb is a series of seconds, containing a major second (C-D) and a minor second (D-Eb). Such chords are called secundal. The chord C-F-B, which consists of a perfect fourth C-F and an augmented fourth (tritone) F-B is called quartal. Most Western music uses tertian chords. On closer examination, however, the terms "secundal", "tertian" and "quartal" can become ambiguous. The terms "second," "third," and "fourth" (and so on) are often understood relative to a scale, but it is not always clear which scale they refer to. For example, consider the pentatonic scale G-A-C-D-F. Relative to the pentatonic scale, the intervals G-C and C-F are "thirds," since there is one note between them. Relative to the chromatic scale, however, the intervals G-C and C-F are "fourths" since they are five semitones wide. For this reason the chord G-C-F might be described both as "tertian" and "quartal," depending on whether one is measuring intervals relative to the pentatonic or chromatic scales. The use of accidentals complicates the picture. The chord B#-E-Ab is notated as a series of diminished fourths (B#-E) and (E-Ab). However, the chord is enharmonically equivalent to (and sonically indistinguishable from) C-E-G#, which is a series of major thirds (C-E) and (E-G#). Notationally, then, B#-E-Ab is a "fourth chord," even though it sounds identical to the tertian chord C-E-G#. In some circumstances it is useful to talk about how a chord is notated, while in others it is useful to talk about how it sounds. Terms such as "tertian" and "quartal" can be used in either sense, and it is important to be clear about which is intended. Chords are by no means a universal feature of human music, and many non-Western styles do not have "chords" as a Western musician would understand them. For that reason, this article will focus primarily on chords in traditional Western music. For information on non-Western styles, consult the Wikipedia articles specific to those styles.
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